impedance 

For our purposes, same as resistance

  resistance

Electrical resistance is a ratio of the degree to which an object opposes an electric current through it, measured in Ohms

  capacitance

Capacitance is a measure of the amount of electric charge stored (or separated) for a given electric potential. The most common form of charge storage device is a two-plate capacitor.

  transfer function

a mathematical representation of the relation between the input and output of a system. Transfer fucntions are commonly used in the analysis of single-input single-output electronic filters.

  in series with 

running connected, end to end

  in parallel with 

running side by side

  series circuit

components are connected end to end providing a single path for electric current

  parallel circuit

components are layed out side by side providing multiple paths for electric current

  gain (dB)

describes the gain of a signal at a specific frequency

  phase (deg)

"phase" is the angle of a complex coefficient produced by a Fourier transform.

  logarithmic scale

A logarithmic scale is a scale of measurement that uses the logarithm of a physical quantity instead of the quantity itself. Presentation of data on a logarithmic scale can be helpful when the data covers a large range of values; the logarithm reduces this to a more manageable range. Some of our senses operate in a logarithmic fashion (doubling the input strength adds a constant to the subjective signal strength), which makes logarithmic scales for these input quantities especially appropriate. In particular our sense of hearing perceives equal ratios of frequencies as equal differences in pitch.

frequency (Hz) 

Frequency is a measure of the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit time.For cyclical processes, such as rotation, oscillations, or waves, frequency is defined as a number of cycles, or periods, per unit time

  time constant

time as a single number

traces

signals or individual data set

sampling

gathering, how many data points we collect

filtering

Electronic filters are electronic circuits which perform signal processing functions, specifically intended to remove unwanted signal components and/or enhance wanted ones

carrier waveform

Normally a high-frequency sinusoid waveform is used as carrier signal. The three key parameters of a sine wave are its amplitude ("volume"), its phase ("timing") and its frequency ("pitch"), all of which can be modified in accordance with a low frequency information signal to obtain the modulated signal.

bandwidth 

bandwidth analysis

studying the range of frequencies in signals

transmission line

A transmission line is the material medium or structure that forms all or part of a path from one place to another for directing the transmission of energy, such as electromagnetic waves or acoustic waves, as well as electric power transmission.

signal processing

Signal processing is the processing, amplification and interpretation of signals and deals with the analysis and manipulation of signals.

Hilbert transform

In mathematics and in signal processing, the Hilbert transform of a real-valued function is obtained by convolving signal s(t) with 1 / (?t) to obtain [PLACEHOLDER FOR GRAPHIC] . Therefore, the Hilbert transform [PLACEHOLDER FOR GRAPHIC] can be interpreted as the output of a linear time invariant system with input s(t), and a system impulse response given as 1 / (?t). It is a useful mathematical tool to describe the complex envelope of a real-valued carrier modulated signal in communication theory (see below for more on applications). The precise definition is as follows: [PLACEHOLDER FOR GRAPHIC] where [PLACEHOLDER FOR GRAPHIC] and considering the integral as a Cauchy principal value (which avoids the singularity at [PLACEHOLDER FOR GRAPHIC] ).

vector

Quantity having both magnitude and direction; it may be represented by a directed line segment. Many physical quantities are vectors, e.g., force, velocity, and momentum. Thus, in specifying a force, one must state not only how large it is but also in what direction it acts.

real vector

discrete Fourier transform (DFT)

In mathematics, the discrete Fourier transform (DFT), sometimes called the finite Fourier transform, is a Fourier transform widely employed in signal processing and related fields to analyze the frequencies contained in a sampled signal, solve partial differential equations, and to perform other operations such as convolutions. 

analytic signal

signal which contains non-negative frequency components

complex signal

signal which contains both real and complex frequency components

magnitude

a measure of size of a mathematical object

spectrum   

a condition that is not limited to a specific set of values but can vary infinitely within a continuum. The word saw its first scientific use within the field of optics to describe the rainbow of colors in visible light when separated using a prism; it has since been applied by analogy to many fields